Notes On Principles Of Finance Essay - 717 Words

TRIDENT UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SLP One – The Roll of the Financial Manager Finance 301 – Principles of Finance Write a two to three page paper discussing what you find interesting about this company, and whether or not you think this company will have a successful future. Get to the company s web site, into the investors relations section and provide some financial highlights of your company for the past year. Indicate which stock exchange the company is listed on and what was the past 12 month rate of return (% gain or loss) to investors who bought shares of this company a year ago and sold the shares yesterday. This rate of return is called the one-year Holding Period Return, or HPR. Also state what is the most recent price of the shares on the company? In addition discuss briefly some information about the top management team including the CEO and CFO. If there are any issues involved with the company that relate to the issues discussed in the case assignment, mention them briefly as well. Mathew Shannon Dr. Michael Aubry July 25, 2015 Raytheon is a company that provides state-of-the-art electronics, mission system integration, and other capabilities in the areas of sensing, effects command, control, communications, and intelligence systems, as well as a broad range of mission support services. I find this company interesting for many reasons. Namely, because they support the Department of Defense, the Intelligence Community, the Federal AviationShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Finance Notes1456 Words   |  6 PagesPrinciples of Finance Notes Theory Questions Explain why the NPV approach is preferred to the IRR approach (2006) The NPV approach takes into account the timing of cash flows and the IRR does not. For example if you took 2 projects that required the same initial outlay and had the same cash inflows for the same period of time but one project was deferred for one year, using the NPV we would have different values but the IRR would give us the same. The NPV approach takes into account the scale ofRead MorePrinciples of Finance943 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCE 3110 (CRN 83872) Principles of Finance Fall 2014 Principles of Finance FINANCE 3110 (CRN 83872) - Fall 2014 School of Business, Middle Georgia State College Tuesday, 5:30 PM-8:00 PM, PSC 248 INSTRUCTOR Dr. Shawn Saeyeul Park Middle Georgia State College School of Business Email: shawn.park@mga.edu Office: PSC 364 (Phone: 478-471-2886) Office Hours: M,W 10:00 – 11:30 AM; T,Th 10:00 – 11:15 AM; 1:30 – 2:45 PM WRC: M,W 6:45 – 7:45 PM or by appointments Course Website: D2L COURSE DESCRIPTIONRead MoreCorporate Fraud And The Effective Management Of Accounting And Finance Functions1679 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In a world full of financial corporate scandals, the effective management of accounting and finance functions is a vital undertaking in that these two areas have direct connections to ethics (Mele, Rosanas, Fontrodona, 2017, p. 609). Due to the occurrence of corporate fraud, these two areas are in need of ethical rules. According to Mele et al. Rules allow us to answer the question of whether or not a specific practice is acceptable in order to earn money. Rules will say thatRead MoreFinal Exam1137 Words   |  5 Pagesterms of cooperation and totality of the answer. The group leader will submit a final draft on exam date (July 31, 2012). The final draft must be done in a professional manner. Please underline or bold-type important terms, laws and phrases. Note, there is no correct answer. The purpose of this exam is for the student to understand the elements of each subject area of the law. When answering the question, discuss the elements of each law. Be sure to underline or bold type the elements ofRead MoreHrm 531 Week 2 Individual Assignment Essays1014 Words   |  5 PagesSUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM HRM 531 WEEK 2 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT The Employment Law Compliance Plan task in the form of a memo, as described in the message from Traci on the Atwood and Allen Consulting Page. Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of HRM 531 Week 2 Individual Assignment in order to ace their studies. HRM 531 Week 2 Individual Assignment Activity mode, HRM 531 Week 2 Individual Assignment , Home Work Tutorials, Home Work Solutions, Home Work EssayRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis1521 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 13 Efficient Market Hypothesis Road Map Part A Introduction to Finance. Part B Valuation of assets, given discount rates. Part C Determination of discount rates. Part D Introduction to corporate finance. †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). †¢ Capital investment decisions (capital budgeting). †¢ Financing decisions. Main Issues †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) †¢ Empirical evidence on EMH †¢ Implications of EMH †¢ Questions and practical issues about EMH 13-2 Efficient MarketRead MoreWeek 41387 Words   |  6 PagesManagement I MGT/230 MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE (LD) (3.0 credits) B+ Accounting I AC 201 PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING I (LD) (3.0 credits) B NOTE Page 1 of 4 This audit provides an official summary of your applied and deficient credits as of the run date and time listed above, but is subject to change. Please review the courses, credits and other degree information provided. Please note that the specific courses in Section 3, 4, and 5 may be printed under slightly different headingsRead MoreHealthcare Accounting Principles and Ethics1160 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Management, Reporting Practices, and Ethical Standards in Health Care Finance Allison Moore Financial Management, Reporting Practices, and Ethical Standards in Health Care Finance Health care managers have many responsibilities, which support their roles in creating and maintaining successful organizations. A key responsibility managers undertake is the ability to manage financials appropriately. First and foremost, financial management is a decision science. Whereas accountingRead MoreHrm 517 Week 6 Assignment 1 Planning Document896 Words   |  4 PagesProject or similar software. Note: You will have to make assumptions or create fictitious data for this assignment. Be clear about these assumptions and data for your professor to follow along. Write a 6-8 page paper in which you: 1. Construct a project charter to revamp the compensation and benefits package. 2. Design a communication plan for the project. 3. Define the scope of the project. More Details hidden... Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the studentsRead MoreThe Determinants Of Women Participation851 Words   |  4 Pagesidentified through review of literature such as Fund for initial share; Access to resource; Training availability; Access to information; The distance of cooperative; Access to finance/credit; Religion; Household Income; Family size; Educational level; Cultural influence; Freedom in the family; Knowledge about principle of cooperatives; Self-responsibility; Self confidence; Influence of cooperative members/leaders; Social position; Interest rate for credit etc. were considered as independent variables

Ncaa Monopoly - 2137 Words

Edgar Galvan NCAA as a Monopoly After over a century of existence, the National Collegiate Athletic Association stands today as a multi-million dollar organization, one of the largest and most successful organizations in the nation. The NCAA is in charge of overlooking every college athletic competition in the United States. Every year millions of fans watch NCAA organized games and follow the top prospects of every sport. However, all schools and players involved with the NCAA are obligated to follow a strict set of rules to be eligible to compete at the college level. The NCAA holds college athletes specifically to a very strict set of rules. Under the NCAA all athletes are considered amateurs. The term amateur is used to describe a†¦show more content†¦Although students enjoy playing their own specific sports, they are doing it with millions of people following their path and they are generating millions of dollars to the NCAA, they just are not allowed to have any of it. Therefore, they can not be considered amateurs. In fact, these students really are not even in college to get an education. In her blog Confessions of a Whistleblower, Mary Willingham an academic advisor from the University of North Carolina, revealed that the athletes in the most successful college teams are given paper classes to replace real classes. These paper classes are classes that do not require students to attend class. Their only assignment is to turn in a paper at the end of a semester and are 100 percent of the time graded A or B. A method used to keep stud ents eligible. Also, according to Ross Finkel and Martin Trevor in their documentary Schooled: The Price of College Sports, players have one year contracts with the schools based only on athletics. This means that even if a student-athlete had straight A’s, they could lose their scholarship if they were no longer competing on the field. Their education would be over. Finally, there is transfer rules that restrict athletes from transferring from one four year University to another and play their first year(â€Å"Division 1 Initial- Eligibility ToolKit.†). This rule makes it hard for athletes to transfer fromShow MoreRelatedAntitrust Practices and Market Power Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesAct†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 2-3 Monopolies Bad for Society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....... page 3-4 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......... page 4 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...... page 5 Antitrust Practices and Market Power Introduction This paper will discuss the antitrust law, specifically the Sherman Act of 1870. A claim was filed against the NCAA by the Governor of Pennsylvania for reasons that violate this act. It will also discuss monopolies and oligopolies, given an exampleRead MoreHow A Cartel Is A Competitive Market1719 Words   |  7 Pagessellers or buyers of a cartel agree to fix selling prices, purchase price or reduce production using a variety of tactics so that competing on price is avoided. Because most of these firms are monopolies, they tend to have considerable amounts of market power, thus making them want to behave like monopolies. With its lack of power, a cartel acts as a counter-veil to an imperfectly competitive market where fewer sellers have the ability to base their products on decision making and supply and demandRead MoreReview Of The U Conn 987 Words   |  4 Pagesseems to be making off of them. US News writes, â€Å"The NCAA basketball tournaments, or March Madness, have become a huge business. As Forbes Chris Smith wrote, CBS and Turner Broadcasting make more than $1 billion off the games, thanks in part to a $700,000 ad rate for a 30-second spot during the Final Four. Athletic conferences receive millions of dollars in payouts from the NCAA when their teams advance deep into the tournament. The NCAA, as a whole, makes $6 billion annually.† Now that payoutRead MoreAmerican Intercollegiate Sporting Has Come A Long Way Since The New York Times1615 Words   |  7 Pagessay ‘Michigan’ and they understand those striped helmets running under the banner.† College sports have become larger than a genuine competition between institutions. It has become a monopoly and oligopoly, in the same level as Bell Telephone (also known as ATT), like Standard Oil a century ago, like Luxottica, NCAA has become a an equally powered cartel in today s society. As athletes celebrate a title win, who is really the winner in this situation. Marc Edelman argues, that across the countryRead MoreShould Student Athletes Be Paid?1270 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation (NCAA), it also contributes to the income of colleges and the NCAA. Without student athletes, these colleges and the NCAA would not reap the benefits of college athletics, such as: increased awareness of colleges, higher application rates, and of course the revenue brought in from game and event tickets, apparel, and contracts for licensing and television rights. Since the student athletes, who devote a great deal of time to their sport, are the cog in the machine that is the NCAA and collegeRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?3174 Words   |  13 PagesGene Goldston Brian Hance English 12 01/28/15 Should College Athletes Be Paid? College sports are a highly paid business. It is produced sold just like all other commercial products. The NCAA generated over $70 million in the basketball tournaments. Schools who made it to the finale instantly earned over $1.3 million. $275 thousand was given to those who were invited to the tournament. Football is just the same. The (1988-89) seasons produces $53 million and $66 million and was split between allRead More The Tragedy of Commercialism in College Sports Essay4106 Words   |  17 Pageslocations on March 12 (Hiestand). For fans of the sport ESPN has become a college hoops haven. CBS may garner the most attention for its $6 billion 11-year contract, which gives the network exclusive broadcasting rights for the season-ending mens NCAA tournament, but it is ESPN, which is responsible for the games dramatic rise in popularity. Before ESPN launched in September of 1979, college basketball games on TV were hard to find and national broadcasts of the sport were unheard of. BackRead MoreThe Federal League Of Baseball1376 Words   |  6 Pagesin a company. Baltimore was abandoned by the owners, and with the antitrust law settled as part of the agreement, they decide to have their own antitrust law against the leagues and the Federal League, claiming that they had talked about forming a monopoly on baseball, by destroying the Federal League. Baltimore won the case. Having 80,000.00 of damages, then it tripled to $240,000.00 under the Clayton Act. The Court of Appeals reversed the verdict saying that baseball was not a subject to the ShermanRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1513 Words   |  7 Pages College institutions under the NCAA should be required to pay their athletes more than just a scholarship. College athletes are being manipulated every day. Student athletes are working day in and day o ut to meet academic standards and to keep their level of play competitive. These athletes need to be rewarded and credited for their achievements. Not only are these athletes not being compensated for, but they are also living with no money because they aren t allowed to hold a job that pays anRead MoreThe Debate Over The Adequacy Of Restrictions On Commercial Speech And Free Market Competition1605 Words   |  7 Pagesare the cornerstone in determining the conditions that enable individuals to capture the potential benefits of trade and exchange. In the instance of commercial free speech and competition, the decisions in the cases of the Virginia State Board, the NCAA, and Microsoft Corporation, personify how the corresponding laws have proven to be beneficial to both society and business. The Supreme Court Case of Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council was an important case in

Marriage practices Free Essays

In the Cooper Eskimos area, the prospective son-in-law worked as a servant for the girl’s father for a period of three or four years, generally before she reached puberty. Bride service among the Cooper Eskimos was often Supplemental, and sometimes replaced by payments of valuable articles† (Dams, Divide Demographic Aspects of Central Eskimos Marriage Practices. American Ethnologist, Volvo. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. No 3 (Gauge 1975). Up. 409-413. Http//www. ASTOR. Org/page/info/about/policies/ terms. Jsp). The three major groups of Eskimos were first designated as tribes by members of the fifth Thule Expedition and these three groups are Guilt, Entitles, and Cooper. Information from Nineteenth and early twentieth century describes that each of the tribal units are relatively discreet. With trade routes that intersect in Central Artic Contract between different tribes is most likely very short. There was intermarriages between Mackenzie Eskimos woman marrying into the Cooper Eskimo tribes. There have also been cases of intermarriages between Flimflamming Eskimos and Entails Eskimos and there also hostility between these two groups also. The Entitles had four cases of polygamy compared to two cases of polyandry. However, the census said otherwise. The Census shows there were three cases of polygamy to two cases of polyandry. â€Å"Rasmussen (1931 : 195) believed that two woman would be more compatible in sharing a husband than two men in sharing a wife. This explanation begs the question of the nature of Eskimo personality. † ( Dams, David. Demographic Aspects of Central Eskimos Marriage Practices. American Ethnologist. Volvo. 2 No. 3 (Gauge. 1975). Up 409-413. Http://www. ASTOR. Org/ page/ info/ about/ politics/ terms. ]SP). The Jewish ethnic traditions has some marriage practices that differ from other traditions. The Mishap’s generally are observant and religious. According to Zionist ideology, ethnic intermarriages is a means of creating a single, unified cultures among Jews in Israel ( Risen 1982). Migrate couples were less educated than those of the mixed couples. They usually married with in the Shaken tradition. In the Shaken community the ones who were less educated, married Migrate would Join the next generation. The group of Shaken education is relatively higher than it probably would be if they didn’t do the mixed marriages. Education plays a large role in whether they marry into the Shaken or less economically advantaged Mishap’s. Patterns of intermarriage are thus challenging concepts of race and ethnicity and are leading to complex views of ethnic and racial boundaries (Harris and Simi 2002; Hiroshima 2003; Roquefort and Brunets 2002). Jews can trace their roots in Israel past their grandparent’s generation. In Israel context, the assimilation hypothesis suggest that the greater contact of educated Migrate with Shamanism has led to the erosion of their Migrate ethnic consciousness, more frequent intermarriages, the consequent concentration of Migrate ethnicity in the lower classes (Ben-Rafael 1982). A well-off educated Migrate would marry a poorly educated Shaken. Jews consider marriages to be the ideal state of personal existence, when you have a woman without a man and a man without a wife they consider it to be incomplete. Their engagement of marriage was usually brought about by a third person, which was also known as a match-maker. Although the marriages were the concerns of their parents, the children were not forced into marriage over their objections. When they are at the ceremony for marriage, the groom is given the ring and says his declaration, the bride does not have to respond, and she Just accepts the ring from the groom and then closes her hand to show that she accepts. Then the bride and groom drink a glass of wine together. After the ceremony is over the groom steps on glass, the broken pieces of glass is supposed to tell them how many years the marriage will last between the couple. The Jews and Eskimos had some things that each culture’s did for their marriage practices that were alike and some that were different. In the Jew culture they married off the girls at a very young age. The parents usually had their children’s marriages arranged by a matchmaker. They had confidence that the matchmakers would bring a proper spouse for their daughter to marry. Back then the father could marry off his daughter between the ages of three and twelve years of age, which was known to be called cetacean (little one). Which was completely subject to her father’s authority and could arrange the marriage without daughter’s approval. The marriages without the daughter’s saying â€Å"l want this one†, was considered effective gal marriages. Now the daughters have a say if they want to marry the guy that’s picked out for them. If it’s not who they want then they go out and find who they want. The Eskimos parents also made marriage arrangements for their daughters. Their marriages were sought through kinship. They were also married off at a young age, married before they had their first menstrual period and began bearing children three to four years later. The men in the two cultures were not able to marry the girls till they could prove they could support them and have a home for them. The Eskimo sys were forced with different sets of requirements, they were not old enough for marriage till they proved themselves capable as hunter and providers. Also had to be able to build a snow house or hunt large game unassisted, he was not considered mature enough to take on and support a wife if he couldn’t do them. After they proved those steps then before marriage they had to Join the father in laws house hold. During the trial marriage period they worked for the father in laws for three to four years or until the young couple was mature enough to establish a separate house hold. In the Jews culture the young men Just had to be able to provide a home for their soon to be wife’s. Once the marriages were completely arranged the wedding plans began. The two cultures to me seem to actually have a lot of common marriage practices. Kind of shocking how closely they do things even being two separate cultures. I feel that the children should be able to have a say into who they marry and spend the rest of their lives with. The two cultures that were described in this paper lead to finding regarding the marriage practices of the Jews and Eskimos. How to cite Marriage practices, Papers

Lost Values (Macbeth) Essay Example For Students

Lost Values (Macbeth) Essay Life can be viewed as a road that branches into two directions: success and failure. Different people have different perspectives on the meanings of success and failure. Some may refer success as having unlimited amount of money, while others may regard it as having a happy family. People with ambition will always strive for success. However, on the long road, perspectives may change, which may result in finding new values and goals that one truly believes in. In other instances, many that grasp success do not treasure it. When many finally lose it, the memories of success always recur in their minds, torturing them each time they recall it. People only discover how much they value something when they lose it. Everyone tried to walk towards success. Macbeth once indicated, Could trammel up the consequence, and catch, With his surcease, success. (Macbeth) Macbeth’s ambition for success directs him toward the murder of Duncan. Many will do anything in order to reach success. Some will cheat on others, betray others, and some will kill others. In the short story Champions, the narrator and Donnie kicked their opponents in soccer games in order to win. In many real-life situations, people often cheat in order to reach success. Professional sports players often eat steroids to accelerate their physical abilities. This also causes betrayal to the other players, and those who have faith in the player for victory. In the story The Metaphor, Charlotte betrays Miss Hancock whom has trusts Charlotte to be able to understand her. However, Charlotte, who wants to be successful in the relationships with her peers, does not want to ruin the relationships, therefore depressing the teacher even more. This eventually leads to the accident that Miss Hancock gets in. She was killed. Although this is not an intended death that Charlotte causes, but it shows that how one can reach success with the aid of these three points. Macbeth is the most apt example that fits all these criteria in attaining success. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth cheats by letting the witches foresee his future, giving him an advantage over others. In addition, he betrays Duncan’s steadfast trust toward him. Duncan believes that Macbeth is loyal and noble general, but Duncan soon finds out that he had judged Macbeth fatally wrong. Duncan was killed by Macbeth. Macbeth also killed many others. In order to secure his kingship, he tries to kill both Banquo and Fleance. It is after Macbeth receives his kingship that he finds stress and pressure around him. As when the witches chant: Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air. (Macbeth) What seems to be correct may not be correct once someone experienced it. Macbeth finally experiences what he longs for – kingship. However, being the king does not give him the pleasure he wants, but only fear every night. After Macbeth has been king, his perspectives may have changed, and what he truly wants may not actually be kingship. In the poem D-day Minus, a stanza says: You will be hungry for love, and love will feed you; later, you will be hungry for love. And love, in case you do not understand, is the condition you will come to fear. This stanza explains that the narrator once has love, but he finds out later that love is only something one should fear. The loss of love has always been a deplorable matter. In the story Penny in the Dust, Dan loses his beloved father. It is after his father dies that Dan wants to know more about him. When Dan’s father was alive, Dan never appreciated the chance of talking to his father. .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .postImageUrl , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:hover , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:visited , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:active { border:0!important; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:active , .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5db00d8023fd9cd09e05bff1fbf56ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alvarez Shows Language is A Tremendous Difference In Everyone's Lives EssayIn the story Champions, the narrator, after being a champion, does not want to be one. Being a champion had left me without much desire to make a career of it. Many do not value what they have when they do have it. After they lose it, they realize how much they need whatever they lose. This also happened in The Chosen, when Reuven realizes that being lonely is a very painful experience. Although this memorization of lost values generates pain, yet it happens for a reason – to teach a lesson. It serves as a painful realization of what one truly values, thus enabling the person to understand hi mself/herself better. In the story The Clumsy One, Dan cruelly segregates himself from his brother in order to humiliate him. However, as he finds out that he deeply regrets this, he cannot make up for it. One time, Dan’s brother makes the situation equal by humiliating Dan in front of Dan’s friends; Dan does not feel upset about this anymore. It is then that Dan finds out that his brother is someone he truly loves and values. It is most often that one truly finds what they value after they loses it. In many instances, people do everything they can in order to reach success. However, after they get a hold of success firmly in their hands, they do not treasure it. Finally when they lose it, they realize that they cannot be without it for even one minute. This is human nature that cause many grieves when one loses what he/she values. â€Å"Life is a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get. † (Movie, Forrest Gump). In the long life road, one may not find what he/she truly values, but anything can happen in the world. It is wiser to value everything that is around, because one can find a true beauty in everything in the world.

What Is Abnormal Psychology What Is Normal Psycho Essay Example For Students

What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psycho Essay logy? What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one its the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem We will write a custom essay on What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psycho specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with. What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall its the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person. Mental illness is considered to be an illness of the mind, which makes it difficult for people to carry out a normal, productive lifestyle. Mental illnesses range from depression to schizophrenia (a very serious mind disorder). It is important to remember that people with such disorders ate stricken with an illness. They have no more control over their illness than when a person gets flu or a cold. When I am sick with a fever or flu I would either try or treat with an over the counter product or go to a doctor. A person with a mental disorder may go to a medical doctor, or to a psychiatrist (a medical doctor who specializes in treating mental problems through therapy and medication) or to a psychologist (who is not a medical doctor, but who treats mental and emotional problems through therapy). He or she also may consult other therapist, such as a social worker of psychiatric nurse. In Health and Science guide its said the recent speculation and discoveries are relating mental illnesses to chemical imbalances in the brain and /or body. Beginning in the 1950s a new class of drugs put on the market allowed many people with mental illnesses who otherwise would have been hospitalized to be treated outside of hospitals, and to live much more normal lives. Other research has shown that if a person has a history of family members who have mental illnesses, he or she may be Monroe likely to contract the illness. Present genetic research should soon allow us to better control many frustrating mental illnesses. Although people with mental illnesses might feel alone in dealing with their problems, like most us do when dealing with problems whether its classes, test, family, or whether you are going to pass your PSYCHOLOGY CLASS it still affects a lot of us as a society. On November 17, 2000 I spoke with a professor of Psychology at Oklahoma State University Dr. Thathcher gave me some shocking statistics: Mental illness affects one in five americans and 20 percent of the population and is second to heart disease in causing premature deaths and lost of productivity. .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .postImageUrl , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:hover , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:visited , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:active { border:0!important; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:active , .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u848089af03b21b23d227fb6004780dca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wilson's Disease Essay Despite more than a century of study, the mind still seems to resist our best efforts to find its secrets. While weve learned much about certain functional aspects of mental illness, anxiety and depression are ones we still dont know causes mental problems. Although many people have many fears, conflicts, anxieties, and desires we have learned to manage them by using behaviors we have adapted to defend ourselves in our . What Is Abnormal Psychology What Is Normal Psycho Essay Example For Students What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psycho Essay logy? What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one its the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem We will write a custom essay on What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psycho specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with. What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall its the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person. Mental illness is considered to be an illness of the mind, which makes it difficult for people to carry out a normal, productive lifestyle. Mental illnesses range from depression to schizophrenia (a very serious mind disorder). It is important to remember that people with such disorders ate stricken with an illness. They have no more control over their illness than when a person gets flu or a cold. When I am sick with a fever or flu I would either try or treat with an over the counter product or go to a doctor. A person with a mental disorder may go to a medical doctor, or to a psychiatrist (a medical doctor who specializes in treating mental problems through therapy and medication) or to a psychologist (who is not a medical doctor, but who treats mental and emotional problems through therapy). He or she also may consult other therapist, such as a social worker of psychiatric nurse. In Health and Science guide its said the recent speculation and discoveries are relating mental illnesses to chemical imbalances in the brain and /or body. Beginning in the 1950s a new class of drugs put on the market allowed many people with mental illnesses who otherwise would have been hospitalized to be treated outside of hospitals, and to live much more normal lives. Other research has shown that if a person has a history of family members who have mental illnesses, he or she may be Monroe likely to contract the illness. Present genetic research should soon allow us to better control many frustrating mental illnesses. Although people with mental illnesses might feel alone in dealing with their problems, like most us do when dealing with problems whether its classes, test, family, or whether you are going to pass your PSYCHOLOGY CLASS it still affects a lot of us as a society. On November 17, 2000 I spoke with a professor of Psychology at Oklahoma State University Dr. Thathcher gave me some shocking statistics: Mental illness affects one in five americans and 20 percent of the population and is second to heart disease in causing premature deaths and lost of productivity. .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .postImageUrl , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:hover , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:visited , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:active { border:0!important; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:active , .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc6b25f081d866089978f3f215c126fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abnormal Psychology Essay Despite more than a century of study, the mind still seems to resist our best efforts to find its secrets. While weve learned much about certain functional aspects of mental illness, anxiety and depression are ones we still dont know causes mental problems. Although many people have many fears, conflicts, anxieties, and desires we have learned to manage them by using behaviors we have adapted to defend ourselves in our .

Glass Menagerie Essays - English-language Films, The Glass Menagerie

Glass Menagerie Essays - English-language Films, The Glass Menagerie Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie, the main characters are Laura, Amanda, Tom, Jim, and Father. Each character can be found with symbols that best represent them. Laura 's two symbols are Blue Roses and her glass menagerie, Unicorn. Amanda 's yellow dress and bathrobe can express her love she has of the past event. Tom 's symbols are the movies and merchant marine. Jim's symbolize itself as a gentlemen caller for Laura. The Father 's portrait portrays his abandonment of the Wingfield family. Laura is a hypersensitive young girl. She spends all of her time in a world of glass ornaments and stayed in her apartment. Even though she tries several times to participate in the outside world, she is too fragile. The Blue Roses represent the uniqueness of Laura. Blue Roses do not exist in this world or even if there is, it is not by nature. This rose is different from other roses just as Laura is different from other girls. The color blue represents the sadness and depression. Laura felt these feelings at home because she is not as popular as Amanda and she cannot succeed in college that Amanda hopes her to be. Amanda's expectation caused Laura to feel bad when she does not meet her requirements. Laura had dropped out of Rubicam Business College and she can not find any gentleman caller. Roses represent Laura along with her beauty and innocence. The stem of the rose can define as the support that Amanda and Tom gave her. The thorn is her shyness. It is her shy! ness that no one wants to go near her and she does not want to go near anyone. The Glass Menagerie represents Laura' hypersensitive nature and fragility. Laura is just as easily broken as a glass unicorn and just as unique. When Jim accidentally bumps into the unicorn and breaks it, the unicorn is no longer unique. When Jim kisses Laura and then shatters her hopes by telling her he is engaged, she becomes broken-hearted and less unique. The innocence that made Laura so unique is now lost. Both Laura and the glass menagerie break when they are exposed to the outside world. When Laura gives Jim her broken unicorn, it symbolizes her broken heart that Jim will take with him when he leaves. She gives Jim a little bit of herself to take with him and he leaves behind a little bit of himself with her shattered horses. Amanda is a middle-aged southern woman whose husband had abandoned her. She spends her time reminiscing about her seventeen gentlemen callers and nagging at Tom and Laura. She is completely depending on Tom for financial business of the family and a responsibility for Laura's future. Amanda dreams back to the time when she was a young girl wearing yellow dress. Those certainly were better days. The past was a wonderful experience for her compare to the reality which she a now an abandoned wife with two children. Mr. Wingfield was cruel to leave the family but Amanda still loves him. She wears his bathrobe and often looks at the portrait of her husband. She can not put the past behind her. Amanda is obsessed with her past as she constantly reminds Tom and Laura of that one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain. " When Jim arrives, Amanda is dressed in the same girlish frock she wore on the day that she met her husband. She regresses to her childish days of entertaining! the gentleman callers. She chooses to live in the past. Moreover, she hoped that the gentleman caller is not handsome because Mr. Wingfield is handsome and he wins her heart in a second. She does not want Tom to be a drunkard, have manner in eating, and stop smoking. She wished her children luck, happiness, and success in the future but irony, she rather live in a life of illusion and recall all of her past experience. Tom Wingfield loves to go to the movies. But Amanda does not believe that his evenings are so innocent. She does not understand that Tom wants adventure. Since his life is full of responsibility: money, future of Laura, boring job. He wanted more in

Langston Hughes vs. Tupac Shakur Research Paper

Langston Hughes vs. Tupac Shakur - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the struggle of the Afro Americans even after their Emancipation from slavery has been the theme of many works of literature. The struggles of blacks also affected the family relations. Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Mother to Son† essentially illustrates a mother’s sermon to her son who is probably in his growing years. She teaches him by giving examples from her life. The poem belongs to the Harlem Renaissance period which celebrated the culture of the Afro Americans who came up to cultivate their talents in art and literature. Hughes’ poems are normally characterized by â€Å"a strong black racial consciousness and folk aesthetic†¦reflect a black perspective and point of view†. The poem highlights the essence of this period, using the â€Å"black vernacular† where the mother encourages her son to move forward and not to look back in life just as the black heritage was moving forward. The p oem, therefore, depicts a certain awakening and motivation. This inspirational piece addresses the struggles of blacks. She begins by saying that life was not very easy for her – â€Å"Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair†. There were hazards which brought about pain in her life and here the poet uses figurative language to compare hazards with â€Å"tacks† and â€Å"splinters†. She says there was â€Å"no carpet on the floor – Bare† which depicts that she had no shelter or place to rest and this signifies isolation. Yet, she says that life moved on as time passed by. She came across â€Å"landin’s† and â€Å"turnin’ corners†... Here she says that despite all odds she has managed to reach some of her goals (landin’s) and she tried to live differently with time or put her hands on new things (turning corners). She says that there was darkness where she traveled and there has been no light. Perhaps she means traveling alone or in a foreign land and her difficulty also brings out her courage and faith for a better future. She advises her son not to â€Å"set down on the steps† while climbing the stairs of life. She says that despite the difficulties, he should not fall because she is still going on with her life and it is still not a â€Å"crystal stair†. A mother shares her experience with her son such that he later gains some motivation from the same and this might help him move forward in life. She is aware that being a black boy he will also be facing troubles like herself, but he needs to keep his faith and courage to face the troubles and meet his goals. This is a one-sided sermon and no proper interaction has been shown between the two characters. The son’s presence is silent. So one would not actually know what the reaction of the son is and if he feels motivated and inspired. The song â€Å"Dear Mama† is basically a tribute from a son to his mother and is the autobiography of a son written in appreciation of his â€Å"mama† – it is a â€Å"thank-you to Afeni for her hard work as a single mother†. This poem also shows the struggles of the blacks and in essence the woman. He did not have his father by his side but his mother who was treated badly by her husband did not leave her children alone despite the fact that the son finally could not make her proud.

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 95

Assignment Example For instance, they try to minimise interruptions by both children and their families by enhancing a suitable choice and setting for health and invention. Another major challenge in the past years has been the difficulty in approval by the children and young people for the care planned for, by the adults provided by the homecare service (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). In most cases, community nursing involves meeting of needs of children, young people and families in the rural areas a program, which most people do not have a preference for. A good number of people desire to seek healthcare in their own home or community and in environments that are more familiar. Accessibility, flexibility and affordability are also some of the problems and challenges facing family nursing when it comes to the choice of healthcare since care givers are burdened in terms of maintenance and payment services. Community nursing should consider these challenges as well as hindrances such as transport which affect their service delivery (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Integration, differentiation as well as education and other child necessities are; therefore, significant factors to be considered order to manage challenges of family nursing in the community. Other challenges may include difficulties in providing care for children, the destitute and those living in underp rivileged communities. Impact of demographic shifts, in family health, such as the changing age structure, in most cases with the growing number of elderly, has brought about dire consequences for the economic, social and health institutions, which in turn have influenced the family health greatly (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). The trends in mortality, fertility and immigration, as well, affect most family’s healthcare in terms of family nursing relating to caregiving services being provided. The prevalence of ill-health and

International Operation Strategy of Eucerin: SWOT

International Operation Strategy of Eucerin: SWOT Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background The use of cosmetics was over thousands of years. The earliest archaeological evidence can be traced back to some royalty in Ancient Egypt times, where the Ancient Egyptians mixed perfume, sandalwood incense and aromatherapy products with oil applied to human bodies for pilgrimages or as an antiseptic. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics containing often lead and mercury. In the West, the popularization of cosmetics usage began in the 17th century and was originally intended to cover face scars of female patients healed from smallpox. In the19th Century, Queen Victoria once declared publicly that the use of makeup was â€Å"improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors†. Nevertheless, by the Second World War, cosmetics have been widely used in the West (except Nazi Germany). Today, the worldwide market size for Beauty and Personal Care Industry (BPC Industry) has increased 36% during 2005-2010 and reached USD 382.3 billion last year.Despite the significant influence of global economic recession in the year of 2009, BPC industry still showed stable and continuous growth in certain regions with emerging markets, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America. It is forecasted that these two dynamic regions will drive the BPC future global sales and become equally the joint largest market (with Western Europe) by 2014. Figure 1 and 2 below shows the global and regional market value of BPC industry during 2005 to 2010. Cosmetics industry, also called Personal Care Products Industry, Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Health and Beauty Industry, or Beauty and Personal Care Industry in this paper, in which companies manufacture and/or market personal care products such as creams, lotions, perfumes or makeup, covers a fully 13 key sub-sectors (Fig. 3). Recent reports show that Skin Care is the largest sector in the BPC industry (Fig. 4). It is predicted that in 2014, Skin Care, together with Hair Care, Colour Cosmetics and Fragrances sector will become the principle contributors to global BPC sales value growth due to the booming market in Asia Pacific. In Asia Pacific region, China represents today one of the most important and attractive BPC markets in the world due to its huge population, the increasing purchasing power of consumer and a better awareness of fashion among the younger generation. According to National Bureau of Statistics of China, the retail value of Chinese BPC products reached RMB 133.24 billion (proximately USD 20.51 billion) in 2010 with a 11.4% nominal growth compared to 2009. The total Chinese BPC market value is expected to reach as much as RMB 206 billion (proximately USD 31.7 billion) by 2014. However, in spite of this rising trend, industry players talked about that the increasing costs such as rental, labour, logistic and advertisement has given heavy pressure on cosmetics companies particularly those who had poorer brand equity were losing their profit margin. 1.2 Research Motivation Funded by Dr. Lifschà ¼tz in 1900, Eucerin ® is now Germanys largest and worlds 4th leading dermo-cosmetics brand in pharmacy segment in Skin Care industry. Belonging to famous German Group Beiersdorf AG, Eucerin sees itself as a â€Å"dermatologist-recommended skin care brand† that provides reliable, high quality and effective dermo-cosmetic products and expertise. Currently, Eucerin provides skin care products that are catalogued in 4 major lines: Face Care, Sensitive Skin Care, Dry Skin Care (medical products) and Sun Protection. Each line contains quite a few sub-lines that are assorted either by skin types / products functions (pure, dry, very dry, problematic, sensitive skin, etc.) or by products application places of the skin (face, body, deodorant, hair, etc.). While Eucerin firstly entered into Asian BPC markets in 1991 and quickly built its brand awareness and popularity among the world of pharmacy skin care products in Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia, in China, however, it has being constantly a big â€Å"missing piece† to complete its global share of market. As Chinas BPC market size is currently rated in the 3rd position after the US and Japan and is still possessing enormous growth potential (12% market growth is expected during 2011 to 2014), and the Skin Care segment is the primary driver for BPC market, it is for Eucerins greatest interest and challenge how to exceed existing international and local skin care competitors to complete its global entire territory. 1.3 Research Scope and Objectives The purpose of this study is therefore attempting to assess and analyse the international operation strategy of Eucerin. Through the SWOT analysis, identify and highlight the key internal and external factors of corporate ongoing strategic planning, gaining an in-depth understanding of the companys strategic operational issues, critical success factors, emerging market opportunities and future marketing challenges and trends. The research scope covers issues including the study of BPC and dermo-cosmetics industry: market sales, market share, Chinese cosmetic market regulations, marketing strategy of Eucerin: marketing segmentations, positioning, and Chinese consumer behaviours. 1.4 Research Process and Chapter Structure The process of this research is approximately composed eight stages summarized as figure 6 underneath. By the case study of Eucerin a Beiersdorf owned dermo-cosmetics brand of BPC Industry, through the literature review, SWOT and critical success factors analysis, attempting to analyse, assess and obtain an embedded understanding of the companys strategic operational issues and its future marketing challenges and trends in Chinese BPC market. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Beauty and Personal Care Industry The global Beauty and Personal Care market (BPC market), also called Cosmetics and Toiletries market has generated total revenues of US$ 382.3 billion in 2010, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36% for the period 2005-2010. By comparison, markets of Asia Pacific, Western Europe and North America brought out 70% of global BPC market in 2010 (Fig. 8). Most interestingly, both Western Europe and North Americas BPC markets has witnessed the economic recession, showed a negative growth in 2009 and decelerated performance afterward, while markets in Asia Pacific and Latin America, sales growth continue and for the first time the BPC market of Asia Pacific region (mainly referable to China) overtook the first position of global BPC market (Fig. 9). 2.1.1 Market Segmentation and Differentiations BPC products cover all daily personal care cosmetics such as makeup, nail polishes, hair sprays, hair colours, creams, lotions, perfumes, deodorants, shower and bath gel, bath salts, and lots of other product types. The market can be sorted into a completed 13 key sub-sectors scope as we have mentioned earlier (Fig. 10). Skin Care segment is the leading category that generates 22% of worldwide BPC market due to Asia Pacifics booming sales, the rising demand of anti-age products also conducts the segment as the key contributors to global BPC market over the forecast period. Global skin care brands can be also sorted by their marketing positioning into six classes: professional brands, luxury/premium, pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics (cosmeceuticals), organic/natural brands, direct-selling and mass market products. Each segment targets different consumers according to their purchasing power, quality requests or specific needs, etc. Key competitors of each class are listed below: Professional skin care brands (distributed mainly by beauty salons, spas): Sothys Paris, Lexli, RVB, Sparitual, Lotusdream, etc. Premium skin care brands(distributed mainly by department stores, perfumeries), : Shiseido, Està ©e Lauder, Lancà ´me (LOrà ©al Group), Clinique (Està ©e Lauder Group), Kanebo (Kao Group), Chanel, Christian Dior (LVMH Group), SK-II (PG Group), Yves Saint Laurent (LOrà ©al Group), etc. Pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brands(distributed mainly by pharmacies, drugstores or via dermatologists recommendations): Vichy (LOrà ©al Group), La Roche-Posay (LOrà ©al Group), Boots, Eucerin (Beiersdorf Group), Johnsons, Avà ¨ne (Pierre Fabre SA), Caudalie, Lierac, ROC (Johnson Johnson), Nuxe, Galenic, etc. Organic/natural brands(distributed mainly by speciality stores, natural food stores): Yves Rocher, The Body Shop (LOrà ©al Group), LOccitane Direct-selling brands: Avon (USA), Natura (Brazil), Mary Kay (USA), Oriflame (Luxembourg), Artistry (Amway corp. USA), DHC (Japan), Nu Skin (USA) Mass market brands(distributed mainly by supermarkets, hypermarkets): LOrà ©al Paris, Nivea (Beiersdorf Group), Garnier (LOrà ©al Group), Olay (PG Group), Neutrogena (Johnson Johnson), Ponds (Unilever Group), Vaseline (Unilever Group) Eucerin ® is catalogued in the pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brand of skin care industry as its products can be only purchased in pharmacies or drugstores. 2.1.2 Skin Care Industry in Western Europe For BPC industry and consumers, it has been tough in the past couple of years. However, the latest data showed that Skin Care was the only category managing to sustain an average of positive 4% growth during the economic downturn.Comprising 23% of global BPC sales in 2010, it remained the most valuable category during 2005-2010. Despite the growth of Skin Care sector slightly slowed down due to the decreased consumptions on non-essential purchases, the global sales of Skin Care sector was still largely focused in mature Western countries. Anti-age cosmeceuticals were considered and predicted as the star performer for Skin Care market for the future couple of years while the premium and luxury products performed the worst and were pushed toward the category of super premium or â€Å"masstige†skincare for a better performance and the growth in both anti-age and premium was accelerated by the high demand in Asia Pacific. Comparing to Skin Care, global Hand Care sales showed a sli ght yet stable growth and the reason was believed to be linked directly with consumers threaten perception of swine flu. In Western Europe, while recent data showed a gradual result of an average 4% Skin Care sales growth in UK, Netherlands and Germany during 2009 2010, key markets such as France, Italy and Spain reflected an average of -2% in term of sales growth, resulting an overall 2% growth drop in Skin Care segment in Western Europe (Fig. 11 and Table 1). While the Skin Care sales growth in western European slowed down in recent years, anti-age sub-category maintained an outstanding growth reflecting the desire for a younger looking appearance from the consumers. Table 1 Skin Care in Key Western European Countries (2005-2010) Crossing the overall BPC Western European market, in 2010, the top 10 Skin Care brands which share 26.2% of the market are belonging to 7 companies: Beiersdorf AG, LOrà ©al Group, Procter Gamble Co., Clarins SA, Yves Rocher SA, Està ©e Lauder Cos Inc, and Henkel AG Co., in which 4 brands are categorised into mass market class (Nivea, LOrà ©al Paris, Oolay and Garnier), 3 in premium/luxary (Clarins, Clinique and Lancà ´me), 2 in pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics (Vichy and Diadermine), and Yves Rocher is classified into natural/organic brands. On the other hand, in terms of company shares in Western European Skin Care market where up to nearly 58.6% market shares are held by the top 10 BPC companies, their products are crossing over all cosmetics classifications and sales distribution channels except the direct-selling category (Appendix 1 2). In relation to consumers behaviour toward BPC market in Western Europe, four fundamental trends characterized by Lee (2010)that impact global BPC market across all categories may sum up this market trend: the ageing population, agelessness pursuance, advances of technology and intensive awareness of health and wellness. The Ageing Population The global population is becoming older. Comparing to Japan who has the oldest population in the world with nearly 23% over the age of 65 in 2010, the median age in Western Europe today is just over 40. Japan has the differentiation of being the largest Skin Care consumer on a per capita basis. In 2010, it accounted for 22% of global skin care sales with USD 19.3 billion and this may referable to its huge older consumers, high disposable incomes and the great interest in combination of health and beauty. Agelessness Pursuance The pursuance of younger looking is highly associated with increased life-pan and the development of technologies. People take greater care of their appearances in order to reflect their interior youthfulness. In result, for example, the high demands for cosmetic minimally-invasive treatment (including Botox, laser skin resurfacing, soft tissue fillers, etc.) that intending for skin firming and elasticity made up 11.6 million procedures in 2010 with 110% growth during 2000 2010 in the US and was expecting to reach totally USD 17.6 billion in 2015. Advances of Technology Skin Care companies and manufactures today are able to sell their products with higher prices thanks to the aggressive introductions of technologically advanced formulations. Consumers in Western Europe may willing to pay up to EUR 20, EUR 40 or even EUR 300 on a product that claims benefits such as firming or wrinkle reduction and contains innovative whatsoever ingredients, while a product that only provides a single basic function may not be able to sold even it only charges EUR 10. High Awareness of Health and Wellness The concerns about health and product safety among consumers in Western Europe have massively increased during the past couple of years due to the aging population and the age-related illnesses. Consumers are becoming more and more careful about what they put on their skins and the detrimental effects of chemicals. In result, this will lead to a strong interest in finding cosmeceuticals with a balance of natural, organic ingredients and effective functions. 2.1.3 Skin Care Industry in China Table 2 BPC Market by categories in China (2009-2010) BPC market in emerging countries such the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) has shown enormous growth in the past couple of years. In China, BPC market showed strong resilience of 10% sales growth, reaching RMB 145.5 billion (proximately USD 22.4 billion) under the global recession impact in 2009 and continuously increased in 2010. While the growth rate in sectors such as deodorants, fragrances and mens grooming products were less well performed comparing to 2009, skin care, hair care and premium cosmetics were the most dynamic sectors in 2010 (Table 2 and Fig. 12). Comprising 6% of global BPC market value in 2010, Chinas BPC sales is expected to have a relative resilience to the global recession and reach as much as RMB 206 billion (proximately USD 31.7 billion) by 2014. Crossing the overall Skin Care market in China, interestingly, while 9 out of top 10 skin Care brands in Japan all belong to Japanese local BPC manufacturers, the top 10 brands who share 51.5% of Chinas Skin Care market in 2010 are from 4 foreign countries: Mary Kay (US), Artistry (US), Longligi (China) and Avon (US) are categorized into direct-selling channel; Olay (US), LOrà ©al Paris (France) and Nivea (Germany) belongs to mass market class; and Shiseido (Japan), Lancà ´me (France) and Chcà ©do (China) are classified into premium/luxary sector. There are no pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brands in top 10 and the best performer Vichy (France) only shares 2.1% followed by La Roche-Posays (France) 0.4% in the market. 2.2 Cosmetics Market Regulation in China While China represents today one of the most important and attractive BPC markets in the world, however, its complex cosmetic regulatory system with rapid amendments make the BPC business full of difficulties. The Ministry of Health (MOH) of China has promulgated the â€Å"Regulations on Cosmetics Hygiene Supervision† on 13 November 1989 and the regulation was effective on 1 January 1990.According to it, a foreign cosmetic company (either a manufacturer or brand owner) with a valid business registration licenseis required to obtain two licenses under the cosmetic regulatory system in China the Hygiene License and the China Inspection Quarantine (CIQ) Labeling Certificate. i. Hygiene License Issued by the State Food and Drugs Administration (SFDA), the Hygiene License is concerning of cosmetic products and ingredients monitoring and supervision. Foreign companies holding Chinese business registration licenses with 3 classified cosmetic products listing below are requested to apply for an Import Hygiene License before their products are allowed to be distributed and placed on the China market (the pre-market approval): â€Å"Special-use cosmetics†, which 8 different sorts of products are included: hair dyeing, hair perm, hair-growth, deodorant, depilation, body shaping (including slimming and breast enlarging), sun cream and spot removing. Non special-use cosmetics† including ordinary BPC products such as skin care, hair, fragrance and manicure/pedicure products that are not belonged to special-use cosmetic category. â€Å"New ingredient†, meaning ingredients that are not listed on the â€Å"Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China (IECIC)†. There are several documents including the product ingredients list, product quality standard, product testing report and packaging are needed for Hygiene License application. A full list of application documents is attached in the appendix 4. ii. The China Inspection Quarantine (CIQ) Labeling Certificate Issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), the CIQ Labeling Certificate is concerning of imported products packaging supervision. A full list of application documents is attached in the appendix 4. Foreign BPC companies are required to a Chinese legal reporting representative throughout the SFDA Hygiene Licenses application process. Moreover, as the official language of China is simplified Chinese, all mandatory information should be in simplified Chinese including the full product ingredients list shown on cosmetic labeling. According to Pisacane (2009), the Managing Partner from Great Way Advisory, after submitting all requested documents to the SFDA, the whole application process will take 4 5 months for â€Å"non special-use cosmetics† and 8 9 months for â€Å"special-use cosmetics† to obtain the final certificate as the SFDA review and evaluate imported cosmetics only 6 times a year. In terms of cosmetics import tariffs, the current import tariff bound rate for imported BPC products is about 10% basically but it depends also on the country of origin and the product category which the import tariffs can reach as much as 150%, plus 17% VAT (value added tax) a nd 5% 30% CT (consume tax). 2.3 Chinese Consumers Behaviour Comprising 34% market share in Chinas BPC market in 2010, the skin care sector is worth USD 9.9 billion, growing at a rate above the GDPand will continue to dominate the BPC industry sales for future couple of years. While more and more people in China move from the lower class into the middle class, they are able and willing to spend more money on personal beauty care products. However, despite the fast rise in personal wealth, the development in Chinese BPC market sales growth which is greatly linked to better richness can be very fluctuating due to the countrys strong consumer saving level. Moreover, in terms of the growth of Chinas BPC sub-categories is rather unequal, for example, sector such as skin care (sales value USD 9.9 billions) is reaching mainstream status in 2010 while others such as fragrances (sales value USD 0.58 billions) and sun care (sales value USD 0.48 billions) remain niche segments. Despite these, there are still obvious areas where Chinese consumers are will ing to spend their money generously such as Premium Baby Care (21% sales growth 2009-10), Premium Skin Care (+19%) or Premium Colour Cosmetics (+15%). Chinese consumer behaviour and their knowledge, attitude, use and response to Skin Care products that reflects in their spending patterns are very much linked with Chinese Culture. Grubow(2008)characterises several beauty trends from the view points of Chinese consumers that intensively influence Skin Care market trends in China: desire for status-improving products, medicinal ingredients welcome, respect for skin care regimes, openness to professional advices and demand for luxury packaging.    Desire for Status-Improving Products Tracking back to ancient Chinese culture, giving a fair, even, pale and fragile quality skin look is quite associated with beauty as it implicated being in a aristocratic social stature. The standard of beauty does not actually change much. Today, Chinese women want a fair, flawless, radiance and translucent skin tone which is considered as wealthy and healthy, meanwhile, browner or darker skin is linked with rural and toiling for money. In result, Chinese women are interested in whitening-orientated products (but bleaching ones which do not give an appearance of evenness and a glow skin tone). Interestingly, a recent survey made by Asia Market Intelligence found that around two-thirds Chinese men also prefer fairer skin and are opened to male skin whiteners. This cultural ideal attracts to every class of people, from the mass to ultra luxury channels, and leading brands such as Olay, Shiseido, Nivea and Avon are offering whitening products not only for facial skin but body in Chinese Skin Care market. Another Chinese beauty trend in terms of status-improving is the skin concentration products which cover for examples facial masks, patches and eyes and chest treatment. Mask treatment is considered luxury as it used to be applied only in a spa treatment which required time and money. This â€Å"DIY approach† with masks containing rich textures or high-tech functions appeals to Chinese consumers and makes them feel unique and luxurious. Again, this pattern taps into the sense of status-enhancing.   Medicinal Ingredients Welcome Traditional Chinese herbal medicine impact strongly on many parts of Chinese day to day life and skin care products are no exception. Chinese consumers believe that some special ingredients provide a better benefit of healing and this is highly linked with the Chinese medicinal practices history. Taking examples of burdock, ginseng and green tea extract which contain antioxidants for skin nourishment; these natural ingredients are popular and famous among both younger and older generations because they are believed to be more inartificial and safer than other ingredients.   Respect for Skin Care Regimes Similar as Japanese skin care rituals that a full Japanese daily ritualistic process contains up to 9 separate steps, Chinese women also respect skin care order. They like to arrange their cosmetics on the dressing table and enjoy the skin care rituals consisting separate steps.While Western Consumers are appealed by products with two-in-one or multiple functions such as Neutrogenas 2-in-1 Cleansing Gel (cleansing and mask), Vichys Puretà © Thermale 3-in-1 One Step Cleanser (cleansing, toning and eye makeup remover) or Olays Total Effects, in China, women purchase Neutrogenas Deep Clean Makeup Remover, Cleanser, Blackhead Eliminating Patch and Soothing Mask or Olays Renewal Lightening Toner, Moisturizer, Lotion and Eye Cream.   Openness to professional advices Though the development of beauty and health care speciality drug stores such as Watsons, Mannings and Sasa in China is far behind the pharmacies in France or Japan or the drug stores in Germany, in principal cities of China, the specialty drug stores has witnessed an enormous sales growth during the past decade. Watsons, for instance, had only 80 outlets back in 2005. But last year, it has opened its 700th outlet in China, making it as the leading beauty and health care speciality drug store in Chinas BPC market.This is not just about the locations or its competitive prices policy that attract lots of consumers; the evidence that each Watsons outlet is equipped with counsellors and pharmacists who provide products advices and recommendations is also one of the key reasons that drive consumers into shops. Consumers in China trust and appreciate the advices of skin care from these shop assistances. It is therefore not difficult to interpret that with this advices-welcoming concept, direct-selling brands such as Mary Kay, Artistry and Avon who always come with sales counsellors and host frequently cosmetics seminars and makeup workshops appeal intensively Chinese consumers attention. (In 2010, 4 out of top 10 Skin care brands are categorized as direct-selling channel.) Demand for Luxury Packaging As consumers from emerging countries tend to search for higher cost-effectiveness products, in China, a cosmeceutical product with a luxury packaging is very much appreciated by Chinese consumers as it gives again the sense of status-enhancing. Packaging like heavy glass container appears more attraction for consumers than a plastic container even if it contains better ingredients or product volume. In addition, Trout (2011)suggests that when developing a new product range at different pricing and customer targeting, the design of packaging helps companies to define a â€Å"new† brand image and extend the attraction to wider potential consumers. 2.4 International Operation Strategy 2.4.1 Operation Strategy Strategy, originally derived from Greek word â€Å"strategos†, was firstly used in the military term and then in the management of business. Drucker(1954)proposed that strategy is â€Å"to analyse the current situation, including the inquiring of companys existing or should-be resources, and if necessary, change the situation.† Strategy was was also suggested by Chandler(1962) that â€Å"determines the base of corporations long-term objectives and taken actions, resources and configuration standards to achieve these targets.† In Andrew(1971)s The Concept of Corporate Strategy book, proposed that strategy is â€Å"the scheme of targets development and major policies and plans for the purpose of achieving specific objectives to describe the companys current and future business.† Glueck(1976)considered strategy â€Å"is a unified, coordinated, broad and integrated plan to reach the basic objectives of the organization†. The definition of strategy was a lso given by Porter (1985), â€Å"strategy is the response to external opportunities and threats, and internal strengths and weaknesses, in order to achieve competitive advantages†. In 1990, Ansoffdefined strategy as â€Å"a set of criteria to lead the organizational behaviour for the decision-making.† Kaplan and Norton(1990) described strategy is â€Å"a set of assumptions of cause and effect†. Porter(1996) again explained that strategy is â€Å"to conduct a selection among activities, enabling the organizational competitiveness while creating the sustainability and differences of the market†. There are various ways and results in strategic planning according to organizational goals and objectives that classify strategic management into different frameworks. Scholars attempt to conclude strategies in practice that are partly summarized underneath. However, there is so far no better or the most appropriate classifications or concepts. It is though agreed that a model which can be applicable to organizations would be capable to recognise and assess their chosen strategy content. Ansoff (1965)s Product-Market Growth Matrix (Table 3). Based on two basic aspects (product and market), a four-product-market portfolio is created that corresponds with corporations marketing strategy: Market penetration strategy is based on the present products portfolio, attempting to increase the market share. Market development strategy is to find and develop a new potential market basing on present products. Product development strategy is to create or bring new products in order to replace companys existing products Diversification strategy is to develop new products for new potential market. Porter (1980) characterized three general types of strategies into a category scheme that can be used to achieve and continue business competitive advantages: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and segmentation strategy (Table 4). David (1986, 1995, 2010), has formed a modern Strategy-Formulation Analytical Framework that assisted strategies generate and evaluate feasible alternatives for the purpose of choosing a specific course of action. Strategies can be recognized, assessed and chosen by this framework which contains three stages including: the input, matching and decision (Table 5). 2.4.2 SWOT Analysis Originally developed by Albert Humphrey in his research project based upon the US Fortune 500 companies during 1960s to 1970s, SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method that specifies the corporate objective and identifies the favourable or unfavourable internal and external factors to accomplish this objective. It defines, analyses and evaluates corporate internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats that helps the organisation to determine the operational problem and the strategic decision making. A SWOT analysis result matrix was presented by Weihrich(1982) using strategies matching approach to develop relevant future coping strategies (Table 6). The procedures of SWOT analysis are often associated with corporate strategic planning process that can be combined into following steps: Conducting the description of business environment; Identifying and validating all affecting external factors; Predicting and assessing the future changes of external factors; Reviewing the internal strengths and weaknesses; Framing a feasible strategic planning by using SWOT analysis; and Conducting strategic choices and decision making. According to Weihrichs SWOT Analysis Result Matrix (in step five), a result of 22 strategies is hereby described as follows: SO Strategy: in accordance with the Maxi-Maxi principle, to consolidate strengths and improve opportunities. The direction of business development can be for example, (1) focusing on the growth of one single product, technique or market; (2) discovering new market for alternative selling channels; (3) developing new product using organizational resources; or (4) creating a new product life circle for customers to identify with aiming at winning the competitive market. It is the best operational strategy for business development and profits making with a closed coordination of corporate internal resources and external environment. WO Strategy: in accordance with the Mini-Maxi principle, to improve organizational weaknesses and manage opportunities. The result of Mini-Maxi strategic planning can be (1) unrelated diversification; (2) joint venture; (3) strategic alliance; or (4) consortium. ST Strategy: in accordance with the Maxi-Mini principle, to reinforce corporate self-strengths and cope with threats. Examples for strategic decision making can be (1) horizontal integration: integrating business of the same level to reduce competitors; (2) vertical integration: integrating upstream/downstream firms to avoid external threats; or (3) using related diversification improve business synergy.

The Theory and Testing of the Reconceptualization of General and Specif

The Theory and Testing of the Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the May 1993 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, the introduction of the reconceptualized deterrence theory was presented, explaining that general and specific deterrence are both functions of crime. Mark C. Stafford, an Associate Professor of Sociology and Associate Rural Sociologist at Washington State University, and Mark Warr, an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas in Austin, introduced this theory. They argued that there is no reason to have multiple theories for general and specific deterrence. Rather, a single theory is possible that centers on indirect experience with legal punishment and punishment avoidance and direct experience with legal punishment and avoidance.1 General deterrence includes the knowledge of criminal acts performed by others and the consequences or absence of consequences from the activity. Specific deterrence relies upon personal experience of punishment and the avoidance of punishment for a criminal activity previously committed. Both Stafford and Warr theorized that people are exposed to both types of deterrents, with some people exposed to more of one type than the other. In addition both general and specific deterrence effects may coincide with each other and act as reinforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the May 1995 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency a preliminary test was conducted on Stafford and Warr’s deterrence theory. Raymond Paternoster and Alex Piquero, both professors in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland, attempted to elaborate on Stafford and Warr’s original findings. They, Paternoster and Piquero, argued that although they could find some support for the basic features of the deterrence theory, there was still a significant component that Paternoster and Piquero could not address. Without being able to measure the consequences of the illegal behavior of their respondents’ peers, they could not separate the effects of indirect punishment avoidance from indirect punishment.2 Furthermore, they claimed that the personal experience of punishment had a definite role in substance abuse, as well as leading to additional criminal activities because of formal sanctions.   &nbs... ...eory. Though further testing needs to establish if this theory is correct, it will provide a single theory for deterrence, eliminating the possibility of accidentally excluding essential issues, and provide more resources to those trying to distinguish between deterrence and defiance. 1 Mark Stafford and Mark Warr, â€Å"A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence,† Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1993): 133. 2 Raymond Paternoster and Alex Piquero, â€Å"Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences,† Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32 (1995): 281. 3 Stafford and Warr 123. 4 R.F. Meier and W.T. Johnson, â€Å"Deterrence as a Social Control: The Legal and Extra Legal Production of Conformity,† American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 294-95. 5 Stafford and Warr 125. 6 Stafford and Warr 126. 7 Stafford and Warr 128. 8 Stafford and Warr 128. 9 Stafford and Warr 133. 10 Paternoster and Piquero 261. 11 Paternoster and Piquero 263. 12 Paternoster and Piquero 263. 13 Paternoster and Piquero 264. 14 Paternoster and Piquero 284. 15 Paternoster and Piquero 272. 16 Paternoster and Piquero 278. 17 Paternoster and Piquero 276.

Technology and Crime

Criminal Law Research Paper Whenever a new technology is found, like a double-edged sword, it often brings both more convenient life and possibility of danger in which potential exploitation of gap that might occur in its initial developing stage. For the past 20 years, computer related technologies and industry have been continuously advancing at radical speeds that greatly changed our way of life. The introduction of internet and digitalization of data has saved us enormous time and work required otherwise would have been wasted. On the other hand, however, it aided whole new types of property offences that are distinct from traditional ones to arise which posses’ difficulties in dealing with them by traditional way of approaching property offences. The main difficulties are, first, ‘Offences that were traditionally committed as interpersonal offences can now be committed at extreme distances and without the personal involvement of any victim. Second, the object of such offences may not amount to larcenable property or, indeed, property at all. [1] Examples of these crimes include, electronic funds transfer crime, electronic money laundering, [2]counterfeiting, and software piracy. [3] Contrary to traditional property offences, computers coupled with telecommunications technology enables offenders not to leave any traces of usual biological evidence in interpersonal offences such as finger prints or hair that could lead to the offender through forensic tests. Even if the police traced back the co mputer that the fund transfer crime was originated, the actual offender would be uncertain if it’s located in internet cafe which is used by numerous customers. This anonymity is considered the major attraction for offenders with advanced computer skills to commit such crimes. This paper will discuss the effectiveness of the current law in protecting the people from the new treats and possible policies or methods that could be implemented by authorities to combat this matter. ::The Current Doctrine and issues:: It is obvious to find that property rights have been the most important feature in our society since the beginning of the civilisation as the oldest written law, the Code of Hammurabi[4] which dates back to 1750 BC, contains codes that protected individual property. Protection of ownership encourages people to work at their full potential in return for increase in their wealth and power that gives satisfaction and security. If such protection was absent, stealing and damaging personal possessions to satisfy the needs and wants would have been occasional and we might not have been able to achieve the standard of living and the social security we enjoy now. Under the current common law system, properties are protected by both case law and statutes. Obviously regarding the history of development, there are countless case laws relating to property matter. Statutes are also implemented in order to provide protection of the rights for aiding the courts if the kind of the offence is the new one and there are no relevant authorities available for judges to rely on. Those protections have been building onto one and another from strong foundations and nowadays physical property protection by the law seems quite drastic. However the dawn of the digital age introduced a whole new range of offences that cannot be categorised by traditional methods. ::Absence of Specific victim or damage:: What would be the damage to the bank if their internet banking facility has been used for electronic money laundering? There is no person harmed or any physical property damage done to the bank. When a personal computer which happens to belong to a CEO is hacked and confidential information about a report that is not intended for releasing to the public that predicts a shape rise in share prices caused by exceptional performance is retrieved by the hacker and he/she and his/her friends make millions of dollars based on that information, is it possible to measure the damage? Or does it even exist? As exampled, some new types of illegal acts do not create specific victim or damage or the both. In order to regulate these treats, the definition of property has been extended to ones that take forms of electronic data and even to intellectual ones. By recognising such properties it is now possible to identify the damage incurred and the victim which enables us to enforce the traditional doctrine of property offences approach. To reward the victims for the damages they suffered under the civil law and to prosecute the offender and enforce penalties under the criminal law. :Types of new offences:: Hacking and intrusion into a computer system is the most common form of computer based crime, hackers usually commit this offence in order to gain confidential information or to inspect the level of security measures in place for preparation of other offence[5]. Rarely, some hackers attempt to break into a system that’s guarded by strong security system and dam age the system itself just to demonstrate the ability of him or her self. This kind of act is also known as electronic vandalism[6]. The next most common offence is the intellectual property offences such as breaching copy rights by making illegal duplicate of intellectual property, for example, books, movies, music and games. This type of offence is becoming more and more ordinary as the fast broadband internet access’s being available to most of the households enabling such illegally copied materials to be circulated and distributed at fast rate even crossing borders without any obstruction. Electronic funds transfer crime and electronic money laundering are also major crimes that are becoming increasingly difficult to regulate with traditional counter measures. :Traditional Countermeasures:: Most common methods often chosen by the government is to take legislative and administrative action to deal with the problem before it gets out of hand. Russell emphasises in his journal ‘This method to criminalise has, however, a number of dangers. First, is the difficulty, noted by Dunning (1982, pp. 293-4), of over-codifying behaviour: one does not want to enact a new provision every time a new permutation of criminal behaviour arises. Ideally, the elasticity of a common law system will supply the omissions of the legislature but there are limits to which our judiciary will, and indeed can, go. ’[7], that there are limits in legislative and administrative approach that the society can take as legitimate. There is also the fundamental problem of difficulty when trying to battle the new offences with the traditional approach in quantifying the offences[8] since the nature and characteristics of the offences often leave no trace at all and also authorities might not disclose the information because of embarrassment or commercial inconvenience. Deceptive quantifying which makes the policy makers to take distorted view of the seriousness of the issue is also the problem. For example, ‘a pursuit of a US$0. 75 accounting error in a computer account led to the unravelling of an international espionage ring. ’[9] Event like this confuses the decision makers in deciding the level or degree of regulation should be imposed. Originality of the crime also creates great challenge to the authorities, globalization of networks and widespread of the internet permits offenders to stay in their own country and commit crime in the systems of foreign country. This poses exorbitant difficulties in determining the place of the occurrence of the crime in order to decide which prosecution authority should be handing the matter and where to collect and present evidence to. ::Possible Alternative methods of Prevention:: There are several proposed ways for the government to deal with the problem. Restricting the availability of new technologies themselves, or restricting certain people from possessing and using new technologies and so on†¦ Probably the most fundamental solution of all, considering the possibility of misuse of the technology, the researchers and developers in the initial stage of the process should apply crime prevention measures that prevents misuse of such vulnerable technologies and if the cost is too high to carry out the modification the government should always consider to subsidise the process because the cost of exploitation of the weakness of the technology might be even greater. But there is also possibility that those precautions implemented could be compromised and the additional development costs vaporised. The break of the DVD movie title encryption and area code protection by hackers and crackers which introduced Dvix is the good example of it. The next best cost effective way is commercial solution[10]. Various needs to protect one’s electronic assets from possible attackers would generate considerable market demand for electronic and informational security. Companies with expertise of those matters would grow and it would provide professional advices, helps and protection with reasonable fee that would be far more less than it would cost for individual demanders to develop such systems. Also from the demand for assuring the compensation for the damages caused electronically, new insurance policies would emerge and protect the losses incurred. When dealing with technologies that are developed for military or investigative use, it is best for the government to take action that prevents possession and use of those technologies by possible offenders. Such as code breaker program designed for military operations should be restricted for the use of the purposes intended only, to achieve that, it is best to isolate the program in selected systems that are not connected to the internet. However if the technology developed found to be viable for use by the public to improve their standard of life, it should be considered that more benefit would be realised by making it public depending on specific technology. A super fast speed satellite communication intended for space crafts would be viable to use for the faster internet connection than conventional technology. But it might also make it possible for hackers to get into the satellite’s control system and disable it causing extravagant disaster thus making the technologies availability restrictive is important. Those alternatives and traditional methods may stop offenders from commission of crime but it may also encourage imitating one as well. A news report that the government is banning all child pornography sites may attract people’s attention and they might try search that kind of sites since the anonymity of access which increases the demand for viewing such material that results growth of pornography sites. :Conclusion:: Implementing the traditional approaches to deal with new emerging types of crime involving new technologies does seem to work when the new type of crime shows some fundamental similarities with already existing crimes such as causing harm whether electronic or physical or financial. Since such offences are opposed by the society and could easily be crimina lised by legislation or administrative means without difficulty. Nevertheless, quantifying and implementing the right policy or legislation is too difficult because of exterritorial issues and lack of statistics. However, as the technologies used for commission of crime advances, so does the technologies used to investigate, exam, and share information with the public and the rest of the world which aids authorities in combating using traditional approaches. Mechanisms for surveillance and detection, blocking devices, and technologies of restraint and incapacitation could also be adopted to backup the weak points of the traditional approach. Yet, while implementing those mechanisms the authority should consider possibilities of infringe of privacy right. The use of â€Å"high-tech† means of restraint might well lead to fundamental changes in police practice. Easily available technological fixes may tempt reliance to the extent that traditional law enforcement skills become neglected due to their inconvenience and community relations will be overlooked and discarded. There would also be other social impacts of crime prevention technologies. It may include disproportionate use of restraint technologies against disadvantaged groups, such as people who are unable to afford security technologies. And a shift in the burden of crime to those prospective victims may occur. Nonetheless, it would look like a miscalculation if we are to back off from developing and researching new technologies for crime prevention and control simply because they may be used inappropriately. â€Å"The telephones, indeed, the wheel, have criminal applications, technologies in the hands of responsible, accountable professionals can enhance liberty, rather than threaten it,† Dr Grabosky said. Technology and Crime Control insists on that the direction of ultimate benefits of new crime prevention technologies to the public, their development and use should be based on thorough consultation and extensive testing, and those who use them should be appropriately trained and supervised. The authors of the journals conclude that there is not one fit-to-all overall solution to these new kinds of emerging crime due to the varied nature of computer-related criminal conducts. They suggest, however, that technological and market solutions will be just as, if not more, important as law enforcement. With the invisible hands of the market the authorities should be able to find the optimal way of combating the new crimes sided by new technology. Bibliography 1. Brown et al, Criminal Laws, The Federation Press 2. P Grabosky & R Smith, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities, the Federation Press (1998) 3. Russell Smith, Criminal Exploitation of New Technologies AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No93 (July 1998) 4. New millennium Doosan English Encyclopaedia No11 Doosan cooperation (2000) 5. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Recorded Crime, Australia 1996, ABS Catalogue No. 4510. 0, AGPS, Canberra (1998), Yearbook Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301. 0, AGPS, Canberra. 6. P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) 7. Russell G. Smith, Stealing Telecommunications Services AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 54 (April 1996) 8. Peter Grabosky, Technology & Crime Control, AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 78 (January 1998) ———————– 1] Brown et al, Criminal Laws, The Federation Press pg 1058 [2] P Grabosky & R Smith, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities (1998) The Federation Press chapter 1 [3] Russell Smith, Criminal Exploitation of New Technologies AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No93 (July 1998) pg 3 [4] Fo und in 1901 by French explorers in the Old Persian Capital of Shush (Susa), contains 282 codes consisting of criminal commercial, individual property laws – New millennium Doosan English Encyclopaedia No11 Doosan cooperation (2000) pg. 54 [5] Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Recorded Crime, Australia 1996, ABS Catalogue No. 4510. 0, AGPS, Canberra (1998), Yearbook Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301. 0, AGPS, Canberra. [6] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 2 to 3 [7] Russell G. Smith, Stealing Telecommunications Services AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 54 (April 1996) pg 3 [8] [9] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 3 [10] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 5